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• thatとwhich

文章中で、whichはあってもなくても良い情報の場合に使い、thatは必要情報の場合に使う。

"The windows, which have red crosses, are sealed"
implies that the windows are sealed; they incidentally have red crosses.

"The windows that have red crosses are sealed"
implies that only the windows with red crosses are sealed.

• abovementioned

abovementioned、またはavove-mentionedで一語、「先に述べた、前記の」の意味がある。